Les verbes irréguliers
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1. Qu'est-ce qui distingue un verbe régulier d'un verbe irrégulier ?
• Le prétérit et le participe passé des verbes réguliers se forment en ajoutant -ed à la base verbale. Les deux formes sont identiques.
Ex. : live (habiter) → lived (prétérit) → lived (participe passé).
I lived in Scotland. (J'habitais en Écosse.)
You have never lived in Ireland. (Tu n'as jamais habité en Irlande.)
Ex. : arrive (arriver) → arrived (prétérit) → arrived (participe passé).
Your sister arrived late last night. (Ta sœur est arrivée tard hier soir.)
We have arrived at my parents' place. (Nous sommes arrivés chez mes parents.)
Ex. : live (habiter) → lived (prétérit) → lived (participe passé).
I lived in Scotland. (J'habitais en Écosse.)
You have never lived in Ireland. (Tu n'as jamais habité en Irlande.)
Ex. : arrive (arriver) → arrived (prétérit) → arrived (participe passé).
Your sister arrived late last night. (Ta sœur est arrivée tard hier soir.)
We have arrived at my parents' place. (Nous sommes arrivés chez mes parents.)
• Mais il existe également des verbes irréguliers qui ne suivent pas cette règle ; il faut alors apprendre leurs formes par cœur.
Ex : know (connaître) → knew (prétérit) → known (participe passé).
She knew all the answers. (Elle connaissait toutes les réponses.)
You have known her since last month. (Tu la connais depuis le mois dernier.)
Ex. : steal (voler) → stole (prétérit) → stolen (participe passé).
He stole money from the drawer. (Il a volé de l'argent dans le tiroir.)
When Peter went back home, he found that his car had been stolen. (Quand Peter est revenu à la maison, il a découvert que sa voiture avait été volée.)
Ex : know (connaître) → knew (prétérit) → known (participe passé).
She knew all the answers. (Elle connaissait toutes les réponses.)
You have known her since last month. (Tu la connais depuis le mois dernier.)
Ex. : steal (voler) → stole (prétérit) → stolen (participe passé).
He stole money from the drawer. (Il a volé de l'argent dans le tiroir.)
When Peter went back home, he found that his car had been stolen. (Quand Peter est revenu à la maison, il a découvert que sa voiture avait été volée.)
2. Quels sont les emplois du participe passé ?
• Le participe passé sert à former certains temps du passé comme le present perfect et le past perfect (voir fiche Les temps du passé).
Ex. : He has done his homework. (Il a fait ses devoirs.) (present perfect).
Ex. : My father had lived in Liverpool for two years when he decided to move to Glasgow. (Mon père vivait à Liverpool depuis deux ans quand il décida de déménager à Glasgow.) (past perfect).
Ex. : He has done his homework. (Il a fait ses devoirs.) (present perfect).
Ex. : My father had lived in Liverpool for two years when he decided to move to Glasgow. (Mon père vivait à Liverpool depuis deux ans quand il décida de déménager à Glasgow.) (past perfect).
• Le participe passé permet également de former la voix passive (voir fiche La construction des verbes).
Ex. : This game is sold 15 dollars. (Ce jeu est vendu 15 dollars.)
Ex. : This game is sold 15 dollars. (Ce jeu est vendu 15 dollars.)
• Enfin, le participe passé peut aussi être utilisé comme adjectif.
Ex. : After the film, the frightened children refused to go to bed. (Après le film, les enfants effrayés refusèrent d'aller au lit.)
Ex. : After the film, the frightened children refused to go to bed. (Après le film, les enfants effrayés refusèrent d'aller au lit.)
3. Quels sont les principaux verbes irréguliers ?
Base verbale | Prétérit | Participe passé | Traduction |
---|---|---|---|
be | was, were | been | être |
beat | beat | beaten | battre |
become | became | become | devenir |
break | broke | broken | casser |
bring | brought | brought | apporter |
build | built | built | construire |
burst | burst | burst | éclater |
buy | bought | bought | acheter |
catch | caught | caught | attraper |
choose | chose | chosen | choisir |
come | came | come | venir |
cost | cost | cost | coûter |
cut | cut | cut | couper |
do | did | done | faire |
draw | drew | drawn | dessiner |
dream | dreamed/ dreamt | dreamed/ dreamt | rêver |
drink | drank | drunk | boire |
drive | drove | driven | conduire |
eat | ate | eaten | manger |
fall | fell | fallen | tomber |
feel | felt | felt | ressentir |
fight | fought | fought | combattre |
find | found | found | trouver |
flee | fled | fled | fuir |
fly | flew | flown | voler (avec des ailes) |
forbid | forbade | forbidden | interdire |
forecast | forecast | forecast | prévoir |
freeze | froze | frozen | geler |
get | got | got | obtenir |
give | gave | given | donner |
go | went | gone | aller |
grow | grew | grown | pousser, faire pousser |
have | had | had | avoir |
hear | heard | heard | entendre |
hide | hid | hidden | cacher |
hit | hit | hit | frapper |
hold | held | held | tenir |
keep | kept | kept | garder |
kneel | knelt | knelt | s'agenouiller |
know | knew | known | connaître |
learn | learned/ learnt | learned/ learnt | apprendre |
leave | left | left | laisser, partir |
make | made | made | faire, fabriquer |
mean | meant | meant | signifier, vouloir dire |
meet | met | met | rencontrer |
pay | paid | paid | payer |
put | put | put | mettre |
read | read | read | lire |
ring | rang | rung | sonner |
run | ran | run | courir, diriger |
say | said | said | dire |
see | saw | seen | voir |
send | sent | sent | envoyer |
show | showed | shown | montrer |
sleep | slept | slept | dormir |
speak | spoke | spoken | parler |
steal | stole | stolen | voler |
take | took | taken | prendre |
teach | taught | taught | enseigner |
think | thought | thought | penser |
understand | understood | understood | comprendre |
wear | wore | worn | porter (un vêtement) |
write | wrote | written | écrire |
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